Purpose: This IRM provides technical guidance regarding taxpayers domiciled in community property states, or cases otherwise raising community property issues.

Audience: This IRM applies to all IRS employees who are working on cases involving taxpayers domiciled in community property states, or cases otherwise raising community property issues.

Policy Owner: The Director, Examination Field and Campus Policy, who reports to the Director, Examination Headquarters.

Program Owner: Field Examination General Processes (FEGP), which is under the Director, Examination Field and Campus Policy.

Primary Stakeholders: IRS employees who are working cases involving taxpayers domiciled in community property states, or cases otherwise raising community property issues are the primary stakeholders for this IRM.

Contact Information. To recommend changes or make any other suggestions related to this IRM section, see IRM 1.11.6.5, Providing Feedback About an IRM Section - Outside of Clearance.

Where spouses are jointly and severally liable for federal taxes on account of having filed a joint federal income tax return, the taxes may be collected from the separate property of either spouse or any of their community property. Community property collection issues rarely arise in this context. Community property collection issues typically arise where only one spouse owes a tax liability. This can come up in many contexts, but the most frequent examples are where spouses do not file returns, where they file separate returns, where one spouse is granted innocent spouse relief, or where one spouse is responsible for employment taxes or is assessed a trust fund recovery penalty. The issue in these contexts is what assets are available to satisfy the obligations.

If a taxpayer neglects or refuses to pay assessed taxes after notice and demand, a federal tax lien arises against the taxpayer. Refer to IRC 6321, Lien for Taxes. The lien attaches to all of the taxpayer’s property and rights to property. Under federal law, the IRS steps into the shoes of the taxpayer. See United States v. Rodgers, 461 U.S. 677 (1983). State law determines a taxpayer’s property and rights to property. Because a federal tax lien against one spouse (but not the other spouse) attaches to "all of the taxpayer's property and rights to property" in a community property state, the lien would attach to the liable spouse's ownership interest in the community property. This gives the IRS a collection right against this property.

Under the laws of all community property states, under certain circumstances a private creditor has the right to collect a debt from all or part of both spouses’ interests in community property. Where state law recognizes such a right, this is considered a right to property of the liable spouse that is subject to the IRS’s tax lien. See Medaris v. United States, 884 F.2d 832 (5th Cir. 1989). Thus, in some states a levy for one spouse’s separate tax liability would attach to all of the other spouse’s wages, or a levy on one spouse’s wages for the same liability would attach to all of that spouse’s wages, even though the other spouse has a half interest in them.

In the community property states, a federal tax lien will always attach to all of the liable spouse’s separate property. Also, the tax lien will always attach to at least the liable spouse’s half interest in community property. To determine how to collect the tax, a revenue officer must go through a two-step process. The first step is to characterize all of the property available for collection as either community property or separate property. The second step is to determine whether state law creates additional property rights of the liable spouse that would cause the tax lien to attach to more than the liable spouse’s half interest in the community property.

Some states attempt to protect a spouse's interest in community property from attachment by creditors. For example, many states prohibit creditors from collecting premarital debts from the non-liable spouse's contribution to community property. In Wisconsin, the laws prohibit a creditor from garnishing the non-liable spouse's wages for the liable spouse's premarital obligations. These are generally referred to as "exemption statutes." The federal courts have held that state law exemption statutes do not apply to the federal government. Therefore, if state law creates a community property interest, state law cannot prevent a federal tax lien from attaching to the liable spouse's half interest in it. In Re Ackerman, 424 F.2d 1148 (9th Cir. 1970); In Re Overman, 424 F.2d 1142 (9th Cir. 1970); and Broday v. United States, 455 F.2d 1097 (5th Cir. 1972). Therefore, the minimum claim the IRS has against any item of community property is half. However, depending on state law, the IRS may be able to reach more than half. See IRM 25.18.4.8, Collecting Premarital Liabilities, and IRM 25.18.4.9, Collecting Post-Marital Liabilities.

The IRS has ceased the practice of recording notices of federal tax lien that specifically reference a liable spouse’s interest in community property held in the name of a non-liable spouse. The IRS takes the position that the notice of federal tax lien filed against the liable spouse provides proper notice of the attachment of the tax lien to community property held in the name of the non-liable spouse.

Same-sex marriage. Same-sex married couples receive the same state and federal benefits and burdens as opposite-sex married couples. Therefore, same-sex married couples who domicile in a community property state are subject to community property tax collection rules in the same manner as opposite-sex married couples (see IRM 25.18.1.3.2(2), Marriage). This is a result of the ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges" , 135 S.CT. 2584 (2015), in which the Supreme Court held that:

Registered Domestic Partners and offsets. Registered domestic partners are not married for federal tax purposes. Therefore, they may not file federal joint returns. However, under the laws of California, Nevada, and Washington, registered domestic partners are subject to state community-property laws in the same manner as married couples. See Cal. Fam. Code Section 297.5(a); Nev. Rev. Stat. Section 122A.200; Wash. Rev. Code Section 26.16.030. Because they are subject to state community property rules in the same manner as married couples, the community property assets of a registered domestic partner in these states would be available to satisfy the separate tax debt of a registered domestic partner in the same manner the assets would be available to satisfy a separate debt of married spouses in these states. See IRM 25.18.1.3.3, Registered Domestic Partners.

In all of the community property states, in some circumstances, it is possible to serve a levy on the non-liable spouse’s salary or wages to reach the liable spouse’s community property interest. Medaris v. United States, 884 F.2d 832 (5th Cir. 1989); Tull v. United States, 848 F. Supp. 1466 (E.D. Cal. 1994), rev’d on other grounds, 69 F.3d 394 (9th Cir. 1995); Vorhies v. Z Management, 87-1 USTC P 9200, 59 AFTR 2d 87-658 (W.D. Wis. 1987). Special issues arise with respect to such levies.

The issue of which spouse has management and control over community property has limited impact on tax collection, except in the State of Texas. In Texas, management and control determines the collection remedy if only one spouse owes taxes. Tax debts of a spouse may be satisfied with 100% of the liable spouse's sole management community property, 100% of joint management community property and 50% of the non-liable spouse's sole management community property. See Medaris v. United States, 884 F.2d 832 (5th Cir. 1989). There are special limitations on homestead property in Texas. If homestead property is involved, contact Counsel. For a discussion of management and control, see IRM 25.18.1.3.12, Management and Control.

As discussed above, in some circumstances states allow private creditors to reach more than half of community property to satisfy the debt of one spouse. This is considered to create a property interest of the liable spouse that is subject to a tax lien. In most states this depends on whether the obligation arose or was incurred before or after marriage. Therefore, to determine whether this right to property exists, it is important to know when the spouses were married and when the liability was incurred.

Where different property rights exist depending on when the liability arose, it is important to determine whether it arose before or after the marriage. Determining the date of marriage is relatively simple, but issues may arise as to when the liability was incurred. A tax liability accrues when all events have occurred that fix the liability. United States v. Anderson, 269 U.S. 422 (1926), also see United States v. Hughes Properties, Inc., 476 U.S. 593 (1986). An individual's income tax liability accrues as of the end of the year. See, e.g., In re Luongo, 259 F.3d 323 (5th Cir. 2001). With regard to an employment tax liability, it arises when the wage is paid. Otte v. United States, 419 U.S. 43 (1974). If there is a doubt as to when a liability arose, Counsel should be contacted.

In all states, the IRS can collect unpaid premarital liabilities from all of the separate property of the liable spouse. There is a difference among the states as to what part of community property can be reached. The differences are described below:

Generally. In all states, the IRS can collect unpaid post-marital liabilities from all of the separate property of the liable spouse. There are differences in the treatment of community property; most states recognize an ability to collect from more than the liable spouse’s share of community property and this is considered a property right subject to the federal tax lien. The differences are described below:

IRC 66 has three subsections that can affect the reporting of community property income but it does not negate liability that arises against a spouse under the operation of other (non-community property) laws. See IRM 25.18.2.3.1, General Provisions of IRC 66. For example:

The effect of innocent spouse relief is to make a spouse no longer liable for income tax attributable to community property items of the other spouse. It removes or prevents the assessment of tax against a spouse. It does not affect the ability of the IRS to collect from the non-liable spouse’s interest in community property if state law gives the liable spouse an interest in the non-liable spouse’s share of the community property to which the tax lien is attached. This is true even if this has an adverse impact on the non-liable spouse who was granted innocent spouse relief.

IRC 6015(g), Credits and Refunds, does not override the IRS’s ability to offset payments made from community property under state law. Subject to other limitations in the Code, IRC 6015(g) allows taxpayers who have received innocent spouse relief to receive refunds of certain payments they have made toward the liability. However, the IRS may still be able to retain all or part of the payments that would otherwise be refundable under IRC 6015(g) if they were made from community property and the tax lien for the collection of the liable spouse’s unpaid tax attaches to the community property. See Ordlock v. Commissioner, 126 T.C. 47(2006).

In all community property states, the death of a spouse terminates the community. This means that no new community property may be created. For example, wages of the surviving spouse are no longer community property. In most states, items of community property do not automatically pass to the surviving spouse. The surviving spouse continues to have a half interest in the property with the decedent's estate. Most states provide, however, that items of former community property remain available to satisfy community debts as they would have before the death of the spouse and to the extent of their value at the decedent's death. If this issue arises in a case, local law should be consulted.

As discussed above, depending on the state involved, a decree of divorce, legal separation or physical separation will terminate ("dissolve" ) the community property regime. Dissolution impacts on tax collection. For example, wages of the non-liable spouse earned after the dissolution are no longer community property. Most states provide, however, that items of former community property remain available to satisfy community debts as they would have before the dissolution to the extent of their value at the date of dissolution. If this issue arises in a case, local law should be consulted.

If spouses move from a community property jurisdiction to a common law jurisdiction, existing community property does not lose its character by virtue of the move. In re Marriage of Moore & Ferrie, 14 Cal. App. 4th 1472, 18 Cal. Rptr. 2d 543 (Cal. App.1993).

All community property states allow spouses to vary the effects of the community property regime by written agreements. The legal requirements for such marital agreements vary by state. The IRS will honor such agreements in accordance with state law. Refer to Rev. Rul. 73-390, 1973-2 C.B. 12. These agreements impact the rights of creditors, including the IRS. A spouse, for example, could divest their interest in community property earned by or titled to the other spouse. See, e.g., Calmes v. United States, 926 F. Supp. 582 (N.D. Texas 1996).

Most states have developed rules for regulating how creditors receive notice of these agreements and/or what effect the agreement has on the creditor. For example, in some states, if notice is not given the laws provide that the agreement will not apply to the creditor. Wisconsin, for example, requires actual notice before the liability is incurred. See Wis. Stat. Section 766.55(4m). Louisiana requires the agreements to be recorded. See La. Civ. Code Art. 2332. Washington provides that these agreements are neither valid nor enforceable against creditors in existence at the time the agreement was executed. Refer to Wash. Rev. Code Section 26.16.050. Arizona does not require notice but they may apply fraudulent conveyance statutes to the agreements. See State ex rel. Indus. Comm'n v. Wright, 43 P. 3d 203 (Ct. App. Div. 1, Dept. A 2002). California does not require notice unless the agreement would transmute land and they may also apply fraudulent conveyance statutes to the agreement. See Cal. Fam. Code Section 852(b).

If the agreement is entered into after marriage and after the liability was incurred, these fraudulent conveyance statutes have been held not only to prevent recharacterization of existing assets, but also recharacterization of property to be received in the future (e.g., wages or other future income). See, e.g., State Board of Equalization v. Woo, 98 Cal. Rptr. 2d 206, 82 Cal. App. 4th 481 (Ct. App. 2000); State ex rel. Indus. Comm'n v. Wright, 202 Ariz. 255, 43 P.3d 203 (Ct. App. 2002); Cf., United States v. Loftis, 607 F.3d 173 (5th Cir. 2010) (attempt to partition community property to avoid levy held a fraudulent conveyance); but see O'Kane v. United States, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15,631, 1989 WL 252397 (D. Idaho 1989). It should be noted, however, that a premarital agreement opting out of community property is unlikely to be considered a fraudulent conveyance, particularly if the liability was incurred after the spouses entered into the agreement. See, e.g., Calmes v. United States, 926 F. Supp. 582 (N.D. Texas 1996); Schlaefer v. Financial Management Service, Inc., 196 Ariz. 336, 996 P.2d 745 (Ct. App. 2000); Leasefirst v. Borrelli, 13 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 28, 17 Cal. Rptr.2d 114 (App. Dept. Sup. Ct. 1993). For a summary of state laws in this area, see IRM 25.18.1-1, Comparison of State Law Differences in Community Property States.

Mixing and tracing issues commonly arise when a spouse owns an asset as separate property and uses community property or uncompensated labor of a spouse to pay down debt on the asset or improve it. The most common circumstance is where a spouse owns a house prior to marriage (a separate property asset), and after marriage uses wages (a community property asset) to pay down the mortgage on the property or uses community property or the uncompensated labor of a spouse after marriage to improve the property.

Under community property principles, mixing community property with separate property can transmute the separate property into community property but only if the separate property component cannot be traced. In the context of mortgages or improvements to real property, the separate property component can usually be traced, so the transmutation will not occur. See discussion in IRM 25.18.1.3.23, Mixing or Commingling Community Property With Separate Property.

If the separate property can be traced, all community property states recognize that, in some measure, the community needs to be compensated for the use of the community property in reducing the mortgage or improving the property. Most states call this a "right to reimbursement." See discussion in Elizabeth Barker Brandt, The Treatment of Community Property Payments (Including Principal and Interest) on Separate Property, 30 Idaho L. Rev. 697 (1994). Other states treat the claim as creating an interest in property.

The community property states also have varying rules about valuing the interest, and some states even value the interest differently depending on whether the interest involves payment of a mortgage or improvements to the property. Expenses, such as insurance, taxes, or ordinary maintenance do not increase the equity value of the property and do not create the right to reimbursement or any equity interest in the property. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Moore, 28 Cal. 3d 366, 618 P.2d 208 (1980); In re Estate of Kobylski, 503 N.W.2d 369 (Wis. Ct. App. 1993); Rogers v. Rogers, 754 S.W.2d 236 (Ct. App. Tex. 1988).

This issue can be important in cases where only one spouse owes taxes and community property is used to acquire or improve separate property of the other spouse. For example, assume A takes out a mortgage and buys a house. A subsequently marries B. The house would be considered A’s separate property. Assume after marriage, the spouses use their wages (which are a community property asset) to pay down the mortgage. As discussed above, this creates some type of right to reimbursement or interest in property under state law. If the IRS has a tax lien against B, the issue will often be whether the tax lien attaches to the right to reimbursement or interest in property. This issue has ramifications for offers in compromise, foreclosure suits, applications for discharge, and other collection matters. There is little case law on this issue. The outcome, however, will depend on whether the right to reimbursement is "property or rights to property" under IRC 6321. "[One] look[s] to state law to determine what rights the taxpayer has in the property the Government seeks to reach, then to federal law to determine whether the taxpayer’s state-delineated rights qualify as ‘property’ or ‘rights to property’ within the compass of federal tax lien legislation." Refer to United States v. Craft, 535 U.S. 274 (2002) and Drye v. United States, 528 U.S. 49, 58 (1999). The first step is to determine whether the taxpayer has any rights under state law provided by the right to reimbursement. In identifying rights created under state law, the focus should be on the substance of the rights the state law provides, "not merely the labels the State gives these rights or the conclusions it draws from them. Such labels are irrelevant to the federal question of which bundles of rights constitute property that may be attached by a federal tax lien." Craft, 535 U.S. at 279. The second step to determine whether the rights determined in step one are "property or rights to property" under IRC 6321. Some community property states treat the right to reimbursement as an ownership right under state law. Others treat the right as a claim against the separate property protected by an equitable lien. The state-law characterization of a right to reimbursement is described below.

Before the IRS will pursue a property interest based on a right to reimbursement, the amount of the property interest based on the circumstances needs to be determined because Courts generally do not recognize de minimis claims. See, e.g., In re Geise, 132 B.R. 908 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 1991). See also IRM 25.3.2.3, Criteria for Bringing Suit.

Since the facts of each individual case and state law determine if the taxpayer’s right to reimbursement is a property right under IRC 6321, IRS personnel should seek Counsel advice when these types of issues arise.

Context of Issues. Community property is not an issue when a joint offer in compromise is submitted by spouses domiciled in a community property state, and both spouses are liable for the tax. In this circumstance, the assets and income of both are considered.

Joint Liability, Offer by One Spouse. Where spouses are subject to community property laws and owe a joint liability, but only one spouse submits an offer, community property rules are an issue. Separate property and separate property income of the spouse making the offer ("the offering spouse" ) should be considered. In addition, the offering spouse's share of community property and community property income should be considered. If, under applicable state law, all or part of the non-offering spouse's share (i.e. the spouse who is not making the offer) of community property and community property income would be available to satisfy the tax liability, these items should also be considered in the offer in compromise. Divorced and legally separated spouses (and physically separated spouses who do not intend to resume their marriage in California or Washington) are no longer subject to community property laws.

One Spouse Liable. Where only one spouse is liable for a tax and that spouse makes an offer in compromise, community property rules apply as follows. Anything that could be classified as the liable spouse's separate property or income should be considered in the offer. In addition, the liable spouse's share of community property and community property income should be considered. If, under the community property laws of the state involved, part or all of the non-liable spouse's share of community property or income would be available to satisfy the tax liability, the portion available should also be considered in the offer in compromise. Refer to Treas. Reg. 301.7122-1(c)(2)(ii)(B). However, where spouses demonstrate that collection from assets or income of the non-liable spouse would have a "material and adverse impact" on the standard of living of the taxpayer, the non-liable spouse, and their dependents, these assets will not be considered in determining the acceptability of the offer. Refer to Treas. Reg. 301.7122-1(c)(2)(ii)(B). Community property assets or income will not be disregarded under this regulation to allow the taxpayers to maintain a luxurious or affluent lifestyle. In most cases, it is anticipated that any "material and adverse impact" of considering community property income in an offer will be eliminated by the allowance of necessary living expenses in accordance with IRS guidelines. See (4) below. In addition, community property assets will not be disregarded under this regulation unless including the assets in an offer would have an adverse impact on the taxpayer's ability to meet reasonable living expenses.

Calculating Allowable Expenses. As indicated above, the non-offering spouse's share of community property income will be considered to the extent that the liability could be collected from it under state law. If income of the non-offering spouse is considered, this raises the issue of how much and whose expenses should be allowed. Expenses will be allowed in proportion to the total income of the spouses considered in the offer. It is necessary to first determine how much of the total income earned by both spouses should be considered in the offer. The amount of expenses should be allowed in proportion to the total income. The total expenses of both spouses should be determined based on national standards and other expenses that would be applicable if both spouses were making the offer and were liable for the tax. This amount should then be reduced by the appropriate percentage. For example, if 50% of the total income of both spouses would be available to satisfy the tax liability, then 50% of the total expenses of both spouses should be allowed against this income. If 100% of the income is available, then 100% of the expenses should be allowed against the income.

Spouses filing for bankruptcy may either file a joint petition under Bankruptcy Code 11 USC 302(a), Joint Cases, or file bankruptcy petitions separately. When spouses file a joint petition and the two bankruptcy estates are substantively consolidated under 11 USC 302(b), community property does not pose much of a problem, because creditors may file claims against all of the community property and any separate property of either spouse. Issues arise, however, where spouses file separate petitions or only one spouse files a petition. These issues include, for example, what property is included in the estate, whether to file a claim, how the automatic stay applies, and what effect the discharge has. For purposes of this section, the spouse who files the bankruptcy petition is referred to as the "debtor spouse," and the spouse who has not filed the petition is referred to as the "non-debtor spouse."